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Tirzepatide is a dual agonist targeting the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors—novel dual incretin-based therapy. Its design integrates both GLP-1 and GIP actions in a single molecule, enhancing insulin secretion, reducing glucagon levels, delaying gastric emptying, and promoting satiety through central nervous system pathways. -
Triple receptor agonist: Retatrutide (also known as LY-3437943) simultaneously targets three receptors GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon (GCG). This sets it apart from single (e.g., semaglutide) or dual agonists (e.g., tirzepatide) -
The KLOW peptide complex builds upon the foundational GLOW formulation by integrating KPV into the existing triad of BPC-157, TB500 (Thymosin Beta-4), and GHK-Cu, creating a four-component system being evaluated for its synergistic effects on regenerative biology. -
SLU-PP-332 is an investigational compound under study for its ability to reproduce some of the physiological effects typically associated with exercise. Its mechanism of action involves activation of estrogen-related receptors (ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ), which are central regulators of energy metabolism. Through this pathway, the compound has been shown to enhance mitochondrial efficiency, increase fatty acid oxidation, and elevate overall energy expenditure. In preclinical studies involving both diet-induced and genetically obese mice, administration of SLU-PP-332 produced significant metabolic improvements. Animals receiving the compound demonstrated reduced fat mass and greater rates of fatty acid utilization, while food intake and physical activity remained unchanged. These findings suggest that the compound alters systemic energy balance, creating a more favorable metabolic profile without requiring lifestyle modification. Additional investigations have highlighted the compound’s effects on skeletal muscle physiology. Treatment was associated with a higher proportion of oxidative muscle fibers, a shift that supports endurance capacity. Functional outcomes reflected this change, as mice receiving SLU-PP-332 exhibited prolonged exercise tolerance. Mechanistic studies attributed these effects to enhanced mitochondrial respiration and improved cellular bioenergetics within muscle tissue. -
Tirzepatide is a dual agonist targeting the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors—novel dual incretin-based therapy. Its design integrates both GLP-1 and GIP actions in a single molecule, enhancing insulin secretion, reducing glucagon levels, delaying gastric emptying, and promoting satiety through central nervous system pathways. -
Triple receptor agonist: Retatrutide (also known as LY-3437943) simultaneously targets three receptors GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon (GCG). This sets it apart from single (e.g., semaglutide) or dual agonists (e.g., tirzepatide) -
Triple receptor agonist: Retatrutide (also known as LY-3437943) simultaneously targets three receptors GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon (GCG). This sets it apart from single (e.g., semaglutide) or dual agonists (e.g., tirzepatide) -
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential pyridine nucleotide and ubiquitous coenzyme present in all living cells, where it plays a central role in cellular metabolism and bioenergetics. Acting as a redox mediator, NAD+ undergoes continuous interconversion between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thereby facilitating electron transfer reactions fundamental to oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. Beyond its canonical role in energy metabolism, NAD+ serves as a critical co-substrate in more than 500 enzymatic reactions, underscoring its broad involvement in cellular homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that maintenance of NAD+ levels contributes to enhanced skeletal muscle function, neuroprotection, and attenuation of age-associated physiological decline. -
Semaglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. As an analogue of endogenous GLP-1, semaglutide binds to GLP-1 receptors to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibit glucagon release, delay gastric emptying, and promote satiety, thereby improving glycemic control and reducing body weight (Nauck & Meier, 2019). Its molecular modifications, including substitution of alanine at position 8 and attachment of a C18 fatty diacid chain, extend its half-life to approximately one week, enabling once-weekly dosing (Marso et al., 2016). Semaglutide was initially approved for the management of type 2 diabetes under the trade name Ozempic and later for chronic weight management under the brand Wegovy. Large-scale clinical trials, such as the SUSTAIN and STEP programs, demonstrated significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), meaningful weight loss, and favorable cardiovascular outcomes in patients at high risk (Wilding et al., 2021; Marso et al., 2016). Beyond diabetes and obesity, ongoing research is evaluating semaglutide’s potential role in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders (Newsome et al., 2021). Given its robust clinical efficacy and broad therapeutic potential, semaglutide represents a major advancement in metabolic medicine and has reshaped the treatment paradigm for both diabetes and obesity. -
Cagrilintide is a long-acting analogue of amylin, a natural peptide released alongside insulin. In animal studies, it has shown potential for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes. Beyond these uses, research has explored its possible benefits for liver injury, alcohol-related liver disease, and cardiovascular conditions. There is also speculation about its role in Alzheimer’s disease, though no studies have yet been published in that area. Several trials have examined cagrilintide in combination with semaglutide for obesity and type 2 diabetes, with evidence suggesting the two agents may act synergistically to promote greater and more sustained weight loss. While preclinical findings are encouraging, clinical data in humans remain limited, and further studies are needed to fully establish its efficacy and safety. -
BPC-157: A stable pentadecapeptide originally isolated from gastric juice, BPC-157 is recognized for its ability to stimulate new blood vessel formation, encourage fibroblast migration, and support epithelial repair. These effects are thought to involve modulation of VEGFR2 activity, FAK-paxillin signaling, and nitric oxide pathways. Preclinical studies suggest it promotes the healing of tendons, muscle tissue, and the gastrointestinal tract. TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 fragment): This 43-amino acid peptide regulates actin dynamics, facilitating cellular movement and tissue regeneration. It enhances repair processes by promoting angiogenesis (partly through VEGF upregulation), reducing inflammation, and mobilizing progenitor cells. Evidence indicates it may accelerate recovery in cardiac tissue, dermal layers, and connective structures. GHK-Cu: A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) with broad regenerative activity. It has been shown to encourage wound repair, stimulate collagen and extracellular matrix production, and support hair growth. Mechanistically, it influences gene networks involved in tissue remodeling and exerts protective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, partly through TGF-β signaling and regulation of metalloproteinases. -
Epithalon (Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) originally developed as an analogue of the naturally occurring pineal peptide complex, Epithalamin. It has been proposed to act as a modulator of telomerase activity, the ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex responsible for the preservation and elongation of telomeric DNA sequences at chromosomal termini. Experimental evidence suggests that Epithalon may facilitate telomere extension, thereby enhancing genomic stability, delaying replicative senescence, and exerting potential geroprotective effects through the attenuation of age-associated cellular decline.
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