MOTS-c is a 16–amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) that plays a key role in metabolic regulation. Produced within mitochondria, it helps maintain cellular energy balance by influencing glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and stress-response pathways. MOTS-c can translocate to the nucleus, where it regulates the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic adaptation, particularly during metabolic stress. Studies indicate that MOTS-c enhances exercise performance, reduces obesity and insulin resistance, and provides protective effects against conditions such as osteoporosis, metabolic disorders, and age-related diseases. In summary, MOTS-c supports metabolic homeostasis, healthy aging, and improved physical performance while mitigating the risk of obesity, insulin resistance, and related disease states.

5-amino-1MQ is a small molecule that inhibits the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), which plays a key role in metabolism and energy regulation, particularly in fat tissue. By blocking NNMT, 5-amino-1MQ increases levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), a critical cofactor in cellular metabolism. This increase in NAD⁺ enhances metabolic activity and activates the SIRT1 gene, also known as the “longevity gene.” SIRT1 is associated with a reduced risk of various chronic conditions, including diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, kidney and liver disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and certain cancers. In studies involving mice, treatment with 5-amino-1MQ led to a 7% reduction in body mass within 10 days, without any change in food consumption compared to untreated controls. Additional research suggests that lowering NNMT activity may help shrink fat cells and decrease fat accumulation.

GHK-Cu is an endogenous peptide naturally present in human plasma, urine, and saliva. Preclinical studies in animal models indicate that GHK-Cu enhances wound repair, supports immune function, and promotes skin regeneration by stimulating collagen synthesis, activating fibroblasts, and facilitating angiogenesis. Evidence also suggests that it functions as a feedback signal released following tissue injury. Additionally, GHK-Cu exhibits antioxidant properties by mitigating free radical–induced damage.

Epithalon (Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) originally developed as an analogue of the naturally occurring pineal peptide complex, Epithalamin. It has been proposed to act as a modulator of telomerase activity, the ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex responsible for the preservation and elongation of telomeric DNA sequences at chromosomal termini. Experimental evidence suggests that Epithalon may facilitate telomere extension, thereby enhancing genomic stability, delaying replicative senescence, and exerting potential geroprotective effects through the attenuation of age-associated cellular decline.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential pyridine nucleotide and ubiquitous coenzyme present in all living cells, where it plays a central role in cellular metabolism and bioenergetics. Acting as a redox mediator, NAD+ undergoes continuous interconversion between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thereby facilitating electron transfer reactions fundamental to oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. Beyond its canonical role in energy metabolism, NAD+ serves as a critical co-substrate in more than 500 enzymatic reactions, underscoring its broad involvement in cellular homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that maintenance of NAD+ levels contributes to enhanced skeletal muscle function, neuroprotection, and attenuation of age-associated physiological decline.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential pyridine nucleotide and ubiquitous coenzyme present in all living cells, where it plays a central role in cellular metabolism and bioenergetics. Acting as a redox mediator, NAD+ undergoes continuous interconversion between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thereby facilitating electron transfer reactions fundamental to oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. Beyond its canonical role in energy metabolism, NAD+ serves as a critical co-substrate in more than 500 enzymatic reactions, underscoring its broad involvement in cellular homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that maintenance of NAD+ levels contributes to enhanced skeletal muscle function, neuroprotection, and attenuation of age-associated physiological decline.