Tirzepatide is a dual agonist targeting the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors—novel dual incretin-based therapy. Its design integrates both GLP-1 and GIP actions in a single molecule, enhancing insulin secretion, reducing glucagon levels, delaying gastric emptying, and promoting satiety through central nervous system pathways.

Epithalon (Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) originally developed as an analogue of the naturally occurring pineal peptide complex, Epithalamin. It has been proposed to act as a modulator of telomerase activity, the ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex responsible for the preservation and elongation of telomeric DNA sequences at chromosomal termini. Experimental evidence suggests that Epithalon may facilitate telomere extension, thereby enhancing genomic stability, delaying replicative senescence, and exerting potential geroprotective effects through the attenuation of age-associated cellular decline.

Semaglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. As an analogue of endogenous GLP-1, semaglutide binds to GLP-1 receptors to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibit glucagon release, delay gastric emptying, and promote satiety, thereby improving glycemic control and reducing body weight (Nauck & Meier, 2019). Its molecular modifications, including substitution of alanine at position 8 and attachment of a C18 fatty diacid chain, extend its half-life to approximately one week, enabling once-weekly dosing (Marso et al., 2016). Semaglutide was initially approved for the management of type 2 diabetes under the trade name Ozempic and later for chronic weight management under the brand Wegovy. Large-scale clinical trials, such as the SUSTAIN and STEP programs, demonstrated significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), meaningful weight loss, and favorable cardiovascular outcomes in patients at high risk (Wilding et al., 2021; Marso et al., 2016). Beyond diabetes and obesity, ongoing research is evaluating semaglutide’s potential role in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders (Newsome et al., 2021). Given its robust clinical efficacy and broad therapeutic potential, semaglutide represents a major advancement in metabolic medicine and has reshaped the treatment paradigm for both diabetes and obesity.

BPC-157 is a peptide made up of 15 amino acids, originally discovered in human gastric juice. Research shows that it supports faster healing of muscles, tendons, ligaments, and even skin injuries such as burns. It also helps protect organs and may prevent gastric ulcers. In the digestive system, BPC-157 has been shown to support gut health by helping with issues like leaky gut, IBS, cramps, and Crohn’s disease. In addition, it may reduce pain and speed up recovery by improving blood flow, boosting collagen production, and supporting new tissue and blood vessel growth. Because of these benefits, BPC-157 is being studied as a promising option for wound healing and overall recovery support.

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4) is a synthetic peptide consisting of 43 amino acids. Preclinical studies in animal models indicate that Thymosin Beta-4 supports angiogenesis, modulates wound healing, reduces inflammation, and mitigates oxidative stress in both cardiac and neurological tissues. It plays a critical role in cytoprotection, tissue repair, regeneration, and structural remodeling following injury. Due to these properties, it has also attracted significant interest within the field of anti-aging research.