5-amino-1MQ is a small molecule that inhibits the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), which plays a key role in metabolism and energy regulation, particularly in fat tissue. By blocking NNMT, 5-amino-1MQ increases levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), a critical cofactor in cellular metabolism. This increase in NAD⁺ enhances metabolic activity and activates the SIRT1 gene, also known as the “longevity gene.” SIRT1 is associated with a reduced risk of various chronic conditions, including diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, kidney and liver disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and certain cancers. In studies involving mice, treatment with 5-amino-1MQ led to a 7% reduction in body mass within 10 days, without any change in food consumption compared to untreated controls. Additional research suggests that lowering NNMT activity may help shrink fat cells and decrease fat accumulation.

BPC-157 is a peptide made up of 15 amino acids, originally discovered in human gastric juice. Research shows that it supports faster healing of muscles, tendons, ligaments, and even skin injuries such as burns. It also helps protect organs and may prevent gastric ulcers. In the digestive system, BPC-157 has been shown to support gut health by helping with issues like leaky gut, IBS, cramps, and Crohn’s disease. In addition, it may reduce pain and speed up recovery by improving blood flow, boosting collagen production, and supporting new tissue and blood vessel growth. Because of these benefits, BPC-157 is being studied as a promising option for wound healing and overall recovery support.

CJC-1295 DAC is a synthetic peptide designed as an analog of growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH). Its primary purpose is to stimulate the pituitary gland to release more growth hormone, which subsequently elevates levels of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1). What sets the DAC version apart from the non-DAC form is the addition of a “Drug Affinity Complex.” This chemical modification allows CJC-1295 DAC to bind to albumin in the bloodstream, extending its half-life from just minutes to several days. Because of this extended duration, a single administration can keep growth hormone levels elevated for nearly a week, making it significantly more efficient in terms of dosing frequency compared to its short-lived counterpart. In research contexts, CJC-1295 DAC has been studied for its potential to promote tissue repair, support lean muscle growth, improve fat metabolism, enhance sleep quality, and contribute to overall cellular rejuvenation. These effects are largely connected to the consistent elevation of growth hormone and IGF-1, which play central roles in recovery, metabolism, and anti-aging pathways. Despite these promising avenues, CJC-1295 DAC remains a research chemical rather than an approved therapeutic drug. Human studies are limited, and while side effects observed have included injection site reactions, water retention, flushing, and tingling, the long-term implications are not yet fully understood. Because of this, its use outside of supervised research carries risks, and it is not approved by regulatory authorities for medical treatment.

Epithalon (Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) originally developed as an analogue of the naturally occurring pineal peptide complex, Epithalamin. It has been proposed to act as a modulator of telomerase activity, the ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex responsible for the preservation and elongation of telomeric DNA sequences at chromosomal termini. Experimental evidence suggests that Epithalon may facilitate telomere extension, thereby enhancing genomic stability, delaying replicative senescence, and exerting potential geroprotective effects through the attenuation of age-associated cellular decline.

Semaglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. As an analogue of endogenous GLP-1, semaglutide binds to GLP-1 receptors to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibit glucagon release, delay gastric emptying, and promote satiety, thereby improving glycemic control and reducing body weight (Nauck & Meier, 2019). Its molecular modifications, including substitution of alanine at position 8 and attachment of a C18 fatty diacid chain, extend its half-life to approximately one week, enabling once-weekly dosing (Marso et al., 2016). Semaglutide was initially approved for the management of type 2 diabetes under the trade name Ozempic and later for chronic weight management under the brand Wegovy. Large-scale clinical trials, such as the SUSTAIN and STEP programs, demonstrated significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), meaningful weight loss, and favorable cardiovascular outcomes in patients at high risk (Wilding et al., 2021; Marso et al., 2016). Beyond diabetes and obesity, ongoing research is evaluating semaglutide’s potential role in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders (Newsome et al., 2021). Given its robust clinical efficacy and broad therapeutic potential, semaglutide represents a major advancement in metabolic medicine and has reshaped the treatment paradigm for both diabetes and obesity.